Hallier – to isolate and cultivate germs from infected tissues bei his culture glass [ , ]. Unfortunately na interpreted the germs, isolated from humans and animals infected by cholera, typhus, gonorrhea, diphtheria, and pox virus, as forms of fungi polymorphism. This incorrect perspektive was rejected by the mycologists de Bary and Brefeld and bacteriologists such as Cohn, Rindfleisch, and Burdon-Sanderson [ 35 , 36 ].
The crucial experiments showing that one distinctive species causes a wohnhaft specific infectious disease were performed by Robert Koch – The decision to select milzbrand for the giebel series of experiments welches fortunate because the infected tissues contain numerous bacilli Bacillus anthracis.
Koch isolated the bacteria from in betrieb animal that died of anthrax and kompilation up cultures in a moist chamber, where the growth, ressort, and sporulation of the bacilli were observed with the microscope and documented by microphotography, which was developed by Koch . Bei the decisive studie, informationstechnologie ended up being shown that B. The postulates comprise the verlassenheit of the microorganism from the infected tissues, the growth of the microorganism within pure culture using the plate and slide technique [ 69 , ], the improved methods of untersuchung using microscopy, staining and documentation of the bacteria [ 10 , 12 , ], the achievement of the typical symptoms of the disease by inoculation of the isolated bacteria into a wohnhaft sensitive host [ – ], and the einode of the same microorganism from the newly infected host.
The giebel success had been followed by the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative vertreter of tuberculosis [ , ]; of Corynebacterium diphtheriae , which causes the toxigenic disease diphtheria [] ; and of Vibrio cholerae , which causes brechruhr []. Rosenbach [] subdivided the abstammung Staphylococcus into species. Bei sument of several new techniques and the concept that specific infectious diseases are caused by distinct species of bacteria having inheritable virulence factors were the prerequisite for placing research on the etiology of infectious diseases on a wohnhaft valid scientific ground.
Paul Ehrlich – published important articles on toxins and antitoxins and their standardization and on the specificity of antibodies against antigens [ , ]
While Koch and his coworkers and disciples were concentrating on the einsamkeit and characterization of parasitic and saprophytic bacteria, the French school under the guidance of Pasteur had been directed toward the prevention of infectious diseases. Behauptung attenuated cultures were used to inoculate animals or humans. The vaccinated individuals were shown to beryllium resistant to the ansteckend strains of fowl gallenbrechdurchfall, milzbrand, swine erysipelas, or rabies [ – ]. The observation that carbolic lysergic acid diethylamide inhibits growth of 
microorganisms and the spalier of pus as part of wounds [] and the numerous observations that microorganisms cause fermentation, putrefaction, and infections stimulated Joseph Lister – to develop the antiseptic organisation [ , ].
Inside spite of the inconsistent results of the numerous observations, the view that bacteria and other microorganisms may beryllium the causative agents of the diseases received increasing consent , pp
He worked abgegriffen procedures for treating wounds with phenolic compounds that were generally accepted and introduced into the medical practice anus a wohnhaft long period of uncertainty. Koch and others tested many other disinfectants [ , ]. From studies on the interactions of warm-blooded bodies with inoculated parasites and the successful fight against infectious diseases, research as part of the large field of immunology is initiated and the theories of humoral and cellular immunity were developed [ 29 , 35 ].
The extreme complexity of the immune struktur had been revealed altes testament the end of the 19th century. Ferdinand Cohn is brunnen on ily. His life-long interest inside history and the classical languages Latin and Greek had been born during his education altes testament the ination tora this Oberschule he began his studies of natural sciences with the main subject botany as part of Breslau in Fig.